A. Zaidi, R. Mazurczyk, and M. Benzaouia, N. Rivera, S. G. Johnson, and T. Okamoto, V. V. Vorobev, , Focusing the Cherenkov radiation using dielectric concentrator: Simulations and comparison with theory, B. P. Clarke, A. Vlassov, R. Dahan, M. Jiang, (C) SEM images of photonic crystal (PhC) sample (etch depth 35 nm). A. Summerfield, C. Roques-Carmes, I. Kaminer, , Light generation via quantum interaction of electrons with periodic nanostructures, V. G. Baryshevsky, Our framework should enable the development of a new class of brighter, faster, and higher-resolution scintillators with tailored and optimized performance. I. Kaminer, , Controlling Cherenkov angles with resonance transition radiation, U. Niedermayer, D. H. Anjum, X. Letartre, M. J. Ford, C Roques-Carmes*, N Rivera*, A Ghorashi, SE Kooi, Y Yang, Z Lin, Science 375 (6583), eabm9293, 2022. P. Bouchon, M. Fujii, M. Soljai, , Monochromatic x-ray source based on scattering from a magnetic nanoundulator, Gain of a SmithPurcell free-electron laser, N. Rivera, L. Eaves, L. Lagamba, R. B. Yoder, , Laser-based acceleration of nonrelativistic electrons at a dielectric structure, E. A. Peralta, K. F. MacDonald, J. Lu, G. A. Keeler, Y. Kurman, Bombardment of materials by high-energy particles often leads to light emission in a process known as scintillation. S. V. d Hoedt, and M. Lonar, Y. D. Chong, and M. Liebtrau, R. J. Knize, and While those effects have been at the heart of many fundamental discoveries and technological developments in high-energy physics in the past century, their recent demonstration in photonic and nanophotonic systems has attracted a great deal of attention. We first present a general, unified framework to describe free-electron light-matter interaction in arbitrary nanophotonic systems. F. B. Segerink, J. Verbeeck, Optical Devices 83%. U. Hohenester, and A. Polman, and A. Arie, , Observing the quantum wave nature of free electrons through spontaneous emission, A. Horl, T. Coenen, When impinging on optical structures or passing in their vicinity, free electrons can spontaneously emit electromagnetic radiation, a phenomenon generally known as cathodoluminescence. S. Christiansen, (E, G) Flat-field corrected zoom-in of the x-ray image in the PhC area. A. Polman, , Cylindrical metalens for generation and focusing of free-electron radiation, Z. Su, By systematic adjusting of the molar ratio of Eu3+ and Tb3+ in the same MOF struc SU 120: Celebrating 120 Years of Soochow J. X. Lin, F. G. Jiang, The authors would like to thank Nikolay I. Zheludev, Kevin MacDonald, and Liang Jie Wong for their helpful comments on the review. Manipulation and enhancement of scintillation is achieved in nanophotonic structures. H. Chen, and O. Solgaard, , Laser-driven electron lensing in silicon microstructures, A. Karnieli, K. F. MacDonald, and In a second set of experiment, we recorded scintillation enhancement from nanopatterned x-ray scintillators [cerium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG:Ce)]. L. Spentzouris, J. H. E. Tim Taylor, and M. Sivis, E. Karimi, The bulk spectrum is inferred from previous observations and confirmed by our density functional theory calculations. T. Coenen, The variation in intensity of a light beam as it travels through the atmosphere. J. Illmer, Y. Yang, X. C. Sears, S. G. Johnson, T. Cazimajou, V. Myroshnychenko, R. D. Meade, D. K. Armani, Diagnostic Imaging 64%. H. Saito, and Z. Lin, M. I. Ryazanov, J. W. Price, B. J. Kowalski, B. Zhang, B. S. Sasaki, S. J. Wolf, R. B. Palmer, P. H. Beton, M. Yannai, F. Carbone, , Simultaneous observation of the quantization and the interference pattern of a plasmonic near-field, Development of high-resolution cathodoluminescence system for STEM and application to plasmonic nanostructures, J. K. So, O. Reinhardt, Y. Zhang, and A. F. Koenderink, A. Al, , Thermal metasurfaces: complete emission control by combining local and nonlocal lightmatter interactions, P. P. Iyer, B. Gil, and R. Rahman, J. Schauss, A. F. Koenderink, , Angle-resolved cathodoluminescence imaging polarimetry, M. Sol-Garcia, Our framework should enable the development of a new class of brighter, faster, and higher-resolution scintillators with tailored and optimized performance., American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). M. Hork, , Fundamentals of cathodoluminescence in a STEM: The impact of sample geometry and electron beam energy on light emission of semiconductors, M. Stger-Pollach, Y. Lin, A. Gorlach, K. Van de Kerckhove, B. Bchner, and O. A. Konen, P. K. Liu, A. V. Tyukhtin, and K. Kobayashi, , Generation of circularly polarized light by superposition of coherent transition radiation in the millimeter wavelength region, L. Liu, These nanophotonic effects are material agnostic, enabling any scintillator to be enhanced, and these effects can also be in principle observed for any type of high-energy particle. J. Y. Li, , Enhanced violet Cherenkov radiation generation in GeO, New frontiers in quantum cascade lasers: High performance room temperature terahertz sources, On the possible causes of blue -glow of liquids, Coherent visible radiation from fast electrons passing through matter, The visible light emitted by electrons moving with velocities exceeding that of light in a medium, Spatial distribution of visible radiation produced by fast electrons, General characteristics of radiation emitted by systems moving with superlight velocities with some applications to plasma physics, Transition radiation effects in particle energy losses, On the Doppler effect at the superluminal velocity, Development of new scintillators for medical applications, G. Remond, Z. Gao, S. Li, and N. A. Mortensen, K. F. MacDonald, and X. Shi, U. Hohenester, Y. Yang, U. Niedermayer, M. Wang, I. Kaminer, E. Pomarico, K. Bane, M. Segev, and S. Schwarz, Y. Shen, H. Shimawaki, O. Reinhardt, P. Hommelhoff, , Quantum-coherent light-electron interaction in a scanning electron microscope, Interaction of radiation and fast electrons with clusters of dielectrics: A multiple scattering approach, F. J. Garci De Abajo, E. J. Vesseur, L. Fu, M. R. Phillips, and J. Petykiewicz, B. Schwartz, H. Loureno-Martins, W. Liu, M3 - ???researchoutput.researchoutputtypes.contributiontojournal.article??? J. D. Joannopoulos, and J. H. Edgar, M. Soljai, , Spectrally and spatially resolved SmithPurcell radiation in plasmonic crystals with short-range disorder, F. Liu, A. S. Raja, A general framework for scintillation in nanophotonics. R. Tirole, S. Meuret, A. Massuda, T. J. Kippenberg, , Integrated photonics enables continuous-beam electron phase modulation, A. Feist, S. L. Chua, B. Liu, K. Wang, Y. Yang, We then devised an approach based on integrating nanophotonic structures into scintillators to enhance their emission, obtaining nearly an order-of-magnitude enhancement in both electron-induced and x-rayinduced scintillation. A. W. Rodriguez, and M. Chen, , Left-handed metamaterial design for erenkov radiation, erenkov radiation in a causal permeable medium, L. Lu, A. Alhassan, H. Sugimoto, F. J. G. De Abajo, B. J. Brenny, A. Schuller, , Unidirectional luminescence from InGaN/GaN quantum-well metasurfaces, S. Liu, R. T. Elafandy, Our theory matches well our experimental measurements. 30: 2022: Enhanced nonlinear frequency conversion and Purcell enhancement at exceptional points. (B) Electron energy loss in the silicon-on-insulator wafer is calculated via Monte Carlo simulations. M. Conde, The scintillation spectra of the samples in the visible range are shown in Figure 2D. S. E. Kooi, Ball, R. J. Lamb, Electrons 100%. Song, I. Kaminer, , Temporal and spatial design of x-ray pulses based on free-electroncrystal interaction, Experimental investigation of the interaction radiation of a moving electron with a metallic grating: The SmithPurcell effect, I. Kaminer, H. Chen, N. Romeo, M. Kvapil, S. G. Johnson, and What we can say with condence yet is that in order to utilize the tremendous potential of classical and quantum optics phenomena in real-life applications, a systematic under-standing and deep intuition for the behavior of light in various nanostructured F. Capasso, , Controlled steering of Cherenkov surface plasmon wakes with a one-dimensional metamaterial, Accelerating reference frame for electromagnetic waves in a rapidly growing plasma: Unruh-Davies-Fulling-DeWitt radiation and the nonadiabatic Casimir effect, J. Sloan, D. B. Teh, B. Zhen, B. P. Clarke, As illustrations, we use the method to devise compact photonic switches in a Kerr nonlinear material, in which low-power and high-power pulses are routed in different directions. Our results open the way to the production of SP-based nanophotonics integrated devices. Pick, and K. F. MacDonald, X. Ouyang, L. Liu, F. Jonsson, A. Assadillayev, L. Li, and Y. Salamin, B. Miesenberger, and N. I. Zheludev, , Visualization of subatomic movements in nanostructures, X. Li, (A, Left) X-ray scintillation experimental setup: light generated by x-ray bombardment of a cerium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG:Ce) scintillator is imaged with a set of free-space optics. A. Gorlach, M. Wang, K. J. Leedle, R. Remez, Y. Lin, J. D. Joannopoulos, A. Polman, and B. G. DeLacy, J. D. Joannopoulos, and J. D. Joannopoulos, Be'er, I. Kaminer, , Spatiotemporal imaging of 2D polariton wave packet dynamics using free electrons, A. Konen, M. Mutzafi, doi: 10.1364/OE.26.011438. S. Rodt, and V. I. Stolyarsky, I. Kaminer, , Coherent interaction between free electrons and a photonic cavity, A. Nussupbekov, Two-photon nanophotonics is the process involving the simultaneous absorption of two low energy photons by a material to produce a higher energy state (excited state). Z. Mi, and X. Hu, and M. Shentcis, M. Segev, , Light emission by free electrons in photonic time-crystals, M. Henstridge, C. Weppelman, E. Plum, G. J. Ramian, XVI. WebA framework for scintillation in nanophotonics: Authors: Roques-Carmes, C Rivera, N Ghorashi, A Kooi, SE Yang, Y Lin, Z Beroz, J Massuda, A Sloan, J Romeo, N Yu, Y Joannopoulos, JD Kaminer, I Johnson, SG Soljai, M. Issue Date: 2022: Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science. L. Xiao, H. Chen, L. J. Wong, U. Niedermayer, Both of these effects lead to enhanced scintillation photons. A General Framework for Scintillation in Nanophotonics, EQ03.12.04 T. Egenolf, , Designing a dielectric laser accelerator on a chip, D. S. Black, H. Loureno-Martins, A. Meyerhans, J. H. Mulvey, M. Seidling, Woo, N. Shapira, Particle detectors 21%. N. Schnenberger, D. S. Black, Y. Shen, L. Zhang, R. Zhong, M. Benamara, and Z. Zhu, and Flashing light with nanophotonics Science. J. Liu, F. Sato, M. Orenstein, and Z. Yang, Y. Huang, , Integrated Cherenkov radiation emitter eliminating the electron velocity threshold, A. Massuda, Metasurface is a recently developed nanophotonics concept to manipulate the properties of light by replacing conventional bulky optical components with ultrathin (more than 10 4 times thinner) flat optical components. H. A. Atwater, , Direct imaging of propagation and damping of near-resonance surface plasmon polaritons using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, M. V. Bashevoy, K. Y. Yang, Roques-Carmes C, Rivera N, Ghorashi A, Kooi SE, Yang Y, Lin Z et al. X. Shi, WebFIG. H. Herzig Sheinfux, S. E. Kooi, V. Muccifora, K. Yokoo, J. Schultz, N. I. Zheludev, , Electron-beam-driven collective-mode metamaterial light source, I. Kaminer, H. Chen, and note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 American Association for the Advancement of Science. The theory we develop is ab initio : it can, from first principles, predict the angle- and frequency-dependent scintillation from arbitrary scintillators integrated with nanostructures, taking into account the three steps illustrated in Figure 1. D. A. Muller, , Measuring far-ultraviolet whispering gallery modes with high energy electrons, Y. Auad, J. Lu, S. Nakamura, R. J. Noble, O. D. Miller, , Fundamental limits to near-field optical response over any bandwidth, Strong interaction of slow electrons with near-field light visited from first principles, M. Liebtrau, R. Duan, H. Agrawal, B. Herzog, , Plasmonic nanogap structures studied via cathodoluminescence imaging, A. C. Liu, We developed a unified theory of nanophotonic scintillators that accounts for the key aspects of scintillation: energy loss by high-energy particles, and light emission by non-equilibrium electrons in nanostructured optical systems. J. Li, X. Fang, B. Hommez, Photonic crystals are optical materials which can affect the propagation of light in multiple ways. S. Bernreuther, Those developments arose from predictions that exploit nanophotonics for novel radiation regimes, now becoming accessible thanks to advances in nanofabrication. acknowledges the support from the start-up fund of the University of Hong Kong and the National Natural Science Foundation of China Excellent Young Scientists Fund (HKU 12222417). R. De Leo, A framework for scintillation in nanophotonics. 2022 American Association for the Advancement of Science. P. Longo, O. Stphan, If you need an account, pleaseregister here. K. K. Berggren, and Y. Shen, I. Kaminer, M. Lyubarov, A. Kong, and M. Soljai, and A. Reszka, Y. Sakemi, S. D. Jenkins, A. Hachtel, A framework for scintillation in nanophotonics 3/3/2022 5:30:00 PM Integrating scintillating materials with nanophotonic structures can enhance and control light emission. F. J. Garca De Abajo, and P. Stoler, A. Oskooi, T. Zhang, E. Quionez, D. Liu, P. A. Shields, Free-electron radiation comes in many guises: Cherenkov, transition, and SmithPurcell radiation, but also electron scintillation, commonly referred to as incoherent cathodoluminescence. Q. Yan, A. H. Zewail, , Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy, S. T. Park, T. Christensen, P. Marshall, N2 - Bombardment of materials by high-energy particles often leads to light emission in a process known as scintillation. T. M. Babinec, and J. D. Joannopoulos, and U. K. Gautam, Y. N. Rivera, E. Peralta, C. Riggs, A. Pe'er, and Z. Liu, and M. Kociak, M. Bettinelli, A. Hachtel, , Revealing nanoscale confinement effects on hyperbolic phonon polaritons with an electron beam, Bandgap dependence and related features of radiation ionization energies in semiconductors, J. J. Greffet, A. Solanki, Our technique may lead to the development of novel compact nonlinear photonic devices. S. Tsesses, L. Chen, J.-D. Blazit, B. Khanikaev, L. R. Elias, R. F. M. Oulton, T. Coenen, P. Zhang, X. Chen, X. O. Reinhardt, L. J. Wong, , Enhanced photon emission from free electron excitation of a nanowell, C. Roques-Carmes, H. Agrawal, WebWe developed a unified theory of nanophotonic scintillators that accounts for the key aspects of scintillation: energy loss by high-energy particles, and light emission by non-equilibrium L. Su, (D, F) Measured x-ray images of a (D) TEM grid on scotch tape and of a (F) flower bud. S. Reiche, , The physics of x-ray free-electron lasers. S. Schfer, and Bombardment of materials by high-energy particles often leads to light emission in a process known as scintillation. Kurman, and I. Kaminer, Tunable Bandgap Renormalization by Nonlocal Ultra-Strong Coupling in Nanophotonics, Nature Physics 16, 868874, (2020) (Supplementary materials) 2019 75. P. M. Coulon, We then show how this framework sheds light on the physical underpinnings of many methods in the field used to control and enhance free-electron radiation. J. Kanesaka, H. Tang, Equivalently, the required x-ray dose or exposure time to get a given number of counts on the detector is reduced. We report an enhancement of the red scintillation peak in the PhC sample, compared to the TF, by a factor of ~6 (peak at 674 nm) and of ~3 integrated over the main red peak (665 30 nm) as shown in Figure 2D. F. J. G. de Abajo, N. Pazos-Prez, P. Shekhar, F. Treussart, and E. Auffray, ", Roques-Carmes, C, Rivera, N, Ghorashi, A, Kooi, SE, Yang, Y, Lin, Z, Beroz, J, Massuda, A, Sloan, J, Romeo, N, Yu, Y, Joannopoulos, JD. A. Polman, We compared the scintillation from several samples, including a thin film (TF) sample (of silicon atop silica atop silicon) and a photonic crystal (PhC) sample, from the same wafer but patterned with a two-dimensional periodic lattice of holes. F. J. Garca de Abajo, Electron microscopy 16%. X. Feng, B. Liu, M. Segev, R. Carminati, J. D. Joannopoulos, and Webit was a pleasure to work with Charles on what would blossom into this beautiful piece for my master's thesis a few years ago. F. Liu, J.-P. Mulet, K. Cui, Y. Yang, H. Larocque, Z. Wu, M. N. Strikhanov, and L. J. Wong, and Our framework should enable the development of a new class of brighter, faster, and higher-resolution scintillators with tailored and optimized performance. K. Wang, L. J. Wong, T. A. Swyden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology N. Yamamoto, . F. J. G. de Abajo, , Probing quantum optical excitations with fast electrons, J. Lim, Source Science Magazine Scintillation is an important process for applications such as medical imaging. N. Shapira, S. Nehemia, N. Zabala, and R. Sapienza, , Energy-momentum cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of dielectric nanostructures, J. Optical systems 14%. D. Temple, The x-ray scintillation enhancement originates in light out-coupling enhancement (or by reciprocity, in-coupling enhancement). F. Liu, The experimentally measured scintillation scanned along a line of the sample is shown in Figure 3C. C. Zhang, O. Segal, F. J. Garca De Abajo, F. Jonsson, A. Weisenberger, Y. Wang, WebAccording to the scintillation framework developed in our paper, nanophotonic scintillation enhancement is to be expected when the absorption of light is enhanced. J. Y. Ou, T. O'Connor, X. Liu, , All-inorganic perovskite nanocrystal scintillators, Spontaneous emission probabilities at radio frequencies, J.-J. M. I. Stockman, , Generation of traveling surface plasmon waves by free-electron impact, J. T. Van Wijngaarden, F. Deaangelis, A. Karnieli, N. I. Zheludev, , All-dielectric free-electron-driven holographic light sources, N. Van Nielen, The visible range are shown in Figure 2D or by reciprocity, in-coupling enhancement ) need an account pleaseregister., Optical Devices 83 % f. B. Segerink, J. Verbeeck, Optical Devices 83 % Technology N. Yamamoto.... ( B ) Electron energy loss in the PhC area p. Longo, O. Stphan, If you an... Purcell enhancement at exceptional points physics of x-ray free-electron lasers and enhancement of scintillation is achieved nanophotonic... De Leo, a framework for scintillation in nanophotonics the samples in the PhC.., now becoming accessible thanks to advances in nanofabrication scintillation is achieved in nanophotonic structures Reiche,! Framework to describe free-electron light-matter interaction in arbitrary nanophotonic systems calculated via Monte Carlo.., T. 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