Reviewed in the United Kingdom on February 9, 2015, what you need for doing a degree in physics. aperture number m = 0, mmagnification (m < 0). The List Price is the suggested retail price of a new product as provided by a manufacturer, supplier, or seller. The first half of the book deals with classical physical optics; the second principally with the quantum nature of light. Introduction to modern optics by Fowles, Grant R. Publication date 1975 Topics Physical optics Publisher New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks; americana Digitizing sponsor Internet Archive Contributor Internet Archive Language English. Our resource for Introduction to Optics includes . Fowles G.R., Introduction to Modern Optics, 2nd Edition, Holt, Rienhart and Winston,. Introduction to Modern Optics PDF Download Read Online Summary This incisive text provides a basic undergraduate-level course in modern optics for students in physics, technology and engineering. Measurement of parameters of optical surfaces, lenses, and systems using a variety of modern optics techniques. This incisive text provides a basic undergraduate-level course in modern optics for students in physics, technology and engineering. Physical optics User lists with this item ( 1 ) References (200 items) Often, the rays are oriented such that the principle rays are parallel to the optical axis in the image space. 17). Chapters 1 and 2 treat the propagation of light waves, including the concepts of phase and group velocities, and the vectorial nature of light. Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. Learn more. Short and sweet. Using your mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app. This item can be returned in its original condition for a full refund or replacement within 30 days of receipt. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we dont use a simple average. Introduction to Modern Optics for Students in Engineering and Applied Science - Stephen Arnold 2018-08-21 The following is a text taught to engineering and applied science students at the NYU Tandon (Polytechnic) School of Engineering in 2017 and 2018. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. We meet the expense of The Light Fantastic A Modern Introduction To Classical And Quantum Optics and numerous . : However, if one intends to move to more advanced study of optics/ photonics then more up to date textbooks would be beneficial. Reviewed in the United States on January 19, 2010, An applied mathematician by trade (with additional training in electrical engineering), I purchased this book to fill in background information on general optics in order to prepare me to read background material and scientific papers in nonlinear optics, a subject in which I am just beginning to undertake research. : A complete basic undergraduate course in modern optics for students in physics, technology, and. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. 615.751 Modern Optics Spring (even years) 615.758 Modern Topics in Applied Optics Fall (even years) 615.778 Computer Optical Design Fall (odd years) 615.780 Optical Detectors and Applications Spring (even years) 615.781 Quantum Information Processing Fall (odd years) 615.782 Optics and Matlab Spring Applied Biomedical Engineering Ray bundles emitted from the object or in the reverse direction from the image are restricted by their respective pupils, and their propagation direction is defined. The first half of the book deals with classical physical optics; the second principally with the quantum nature of light. . , Dover Publications; 2nd edition (April 25, 2012), Publication date Chapters 7 and 8 introduce the quantum theory of light and elementary optical spectra, and Chapter 9 explores the theory of light amplification and lasers. Paperback - Illustrated, June 1 1989. Sorry, there was a problem loading this page. Here, av and ah are the shortest and longest distance locations which can be sharply imaged by: The permissible circle of confusion diameter, p, for an image point refers to the dimension of the image, being approximately one thousandth of the image diagonal. 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Start by pressing the button below! Skip to document. 1-212), II Wave Optics (pp. 4.7 Telecentric LensesAnother important configuration issue for measurement systems is the pupil location of telecentric optics. Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement. LineK Bull. Introduction to Modern Optics, (Second Edition), Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data. Reviewed in the United States on May 4, 2016. Author: Grant R. Fowles 970 downloads 4333 Views 9MB Size Report This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. What Is Optics? For a telecentric lenses, e = f1+f2. Chapter 10 briefly outlines ray optics in order to introduce students to the matrix method for treating optical systems and to apply the ray matrix to the study of laser resonators. Unable to add item to List. Babinet's PrinciplePage 1205.3 Fraunhofer and Fresnel DiffractionPage 1215.4 Fraunhofer Diffraction PatternsPage 123The Single SlitPage 124The Circular AperturePage 126The Double SlitPage 129Multiple Slits. For the total focal length of a compound lens system, e = distance between lenses ; f1, f2 = Focal length of lens L1 and L2; f = Total focal length. Problems and answers. However, if one intends to move to more advanced study of optics/ photonics then more up to date textbooks would be beneficial. If you're studying optics in a college class using Hecht's classic text, or if you are an engineer who needs an overview of the subject, this is a good practical and economical introduction to the subject. This book is a little gem - and it costs next to nothing. , Dimensions Chapter 10 briefly outlines ray optics in order to introduce students to the matrix method for treating optical systems and to apply the ray matrix to the study of laser resonators.Many applications of the laser to the study of optics are integrated throughout the text. If you're a seller, Fulfillment by Amazon can help you grow your business. Introduction To Modern Optics 2nd Edition by Grant R. Fowles available in Trade Paperback on Powells.com, also read synopsis and reviews. Chapter 3 applies the concepts of partial coherence and coherence length to the study of interference, and Chapter 4 takes up multiple-beam interference and includes Fabry-Perot interferometry and multilayer-film theory. Optics Study Notes.docx introduction est de la lumire et de ses interactions avec la matire. Introduction To Modern Optics Fowles Solutions is universally compatible gone any devices to read. Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement. The sharpness region increases as the aperture number decreases. Chapter 27: At Quizlet, we're giving you the tools you need to take on any subject without having to carry around solutions manuals or printing out PDFs! What people are saying - Write a review. Journal of Modern Optics aims to publish original and timely contributions to optical knowledge from educational institutions, government establishments and industrial R&D groups world-wide. Goodreads members who liked Introduction to Modern Optics al. The magnitude is given by the following expression, B.luminance (lumen/sr/cm2)F.illuminated area (cm2) of the Objectu.half angle of the emitted beam (Fig. Very good overview of the theory of optics. Diffraction and holography are the subjects of Chapter 5, and the propagation of light in material media (including crystal and nonlinear optics) are central to Chapter 6. Topics covered in geometrical optics include: ray-tracing, aberrations, lens design, apertures and stops, radiometry and photometry. To describe this ability, the Greeks used the word "optikos," which can be interpreted as seeing, vision, or visual faculty. principles of modern physics rollanet. 1 Review. Answers to odd-numbered problems are given at the end of the book; these pages have colored edges for ease of location. , Screen Reader Depending on the properties of interest, different mathematical formalisms and approximations can be made. Bring your club to Amazon Book Clubs, start a new book club and invite your friends to join, or find a club thats right for you for free. Figures. Second Edit An Introduction to Modern Cosmology Second Edition For details, please see the Terms & Conditions associated with these promotions. NTRODUCTION TO Something we hope you'll especially enjoy: FBA items qualify for FREE Shipping and Amazon Prime. The front and back images of the iris are called entrance pupil (EP) and exit pupil (XP), respectively. Except for books, Amazon will display a List Price if the product was purchased by customers on Amazon or offered by other retailers at or above the List Price in at least the past 90 days. Does this item contain quality or formatting issues? the laser to the study of optics are integrated throughout the regular text material. Diffraction and holography are the subjects of Chapter 5, and the propagation of light in material media (including crystal and nonlinear optics) are central to Chapter 6. Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. For classroom use, a list of problems is included at the end of each chapter, with selected answers at the end of the book. Introduction to modern optics - PDF Free Download Introduction to modern optics Home Introduction to modern optics . A well written book, covered all the important chapters for optics, and it is not so difficult to go through. Chapters 7 and 8 introduce the quantum theory of light and elementary optical spectra, and Chapter 9 explores the theory of light amplification and lasers. The first half of the book deals with classical physical optics; the second principally with the quantum nature of light. 33-775 & 33-776: Introduction to Research I and II: Fall and Spring Semester - 12 units. This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. ODER OPTICS Grant R. Fowles It can be seen from Equation (31) the depth of field can be increased by choosing larger aperture numbers (smaller apertures), and smaller magnifications. Freely sharing knowledge with learners and educators around the world. Physics 213: Introduction to Modern Optics (COLL 200) Fall 2016. This incisive text provides a basic undergraduate-level course in modern optics for students in physics, technology and engineering. Introduction to Modern Optics for Students in Engineering and Applied Science - Mar 13 2020 The following is a text taught to engineering and applied science students at . Unlike other texts in Modern Optics this text is intended to be used by students in both engineering and . Important: Your credit card will NOT be charged when you start your free trial or if you cancel during the trial period. Introduction to Modern Optics (Dover Books on Physics) 2nd Edition, Kindle Edition by Grant R. Fowles (Author) Format: Kindle Edition 187 ratings See all formats and editions eTextbook $9.99 Read with Our Free App Hardcover $29.93 8 Used from $24.95 Shipping cost, delivery date, and order total (including tax) shown at checkout. Equation (26) shows, that for magnification m < 0, the effective aperture number is always larger than that of a system with magnification m = 0. Sign in. Now, with expert-verified solutions from Introduction to Optics 3rd Edition, you'll learn how to solve your toughest homework problems. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! Something went wrong. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Introduction to Modern Optics by Grant R. Fowles (Paperback, 1990) at the best online prices at eBay! Introduction to Modern Optics. alpha angle between the main ray and the optical axis. Modern Optics Laboratory. quantitative biomedical optics theory methods and applications dimensioner 247 x 190 x 31 mm vikt 1614 g antal komponenter 1 isbn 9780521876568 introduction to modern optics pdf book library May 21st, 2020 - modern essentials reference card and aroma designs bookmark quantitative biomedical optics theory methods and applications cambridge texts Introduction to Modern Optics Author (s) : Grant R. Fowles File Specification *** 3.00$ - Add to Cart We try to make prices affordable. Seller rating : Description: Introduction to Classical and Modern Optics (Fourth Edition). The first half of the book deals with classical physical optics; the second principally with the quantum nature of light. E-Book Overview A complete basic undergraduate-level course in modern optics for students in physics, technology and engineering. He also does a good job avoiding getting overly bogged down in anything beyond the intro level. Please try again. MODERN OPTICS Grant R. Fowles 4.4 Light Energy Collection of Optical SystemsThe size of the entrance pupil and therefore the size of the aperture are definitive for the transmitted luminous flux. Related posts: Solution Manual for Introduction to Modern Optics - Grant Fowles Analytical Mechanics - Grant Fowles, George Cassiday 1975. . and start saving today with Fast, FREE Delivery. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd Physics Bulletin, Volume 20, Number 3 Citation K G Birch 1969 Phys. Chapters 7 and 8 introduce the quantum theory of light and elementary optical spectra, and Chapter 9 explores the theory of light amplification and lasers. Does this item contain inappropriate content? Discover more of the authors books, see similar authors, read author blogs and more. Sign in Copyright 2023 EPDF.TIPS. Introduction to Modern Optics is written by Grant R. Fowles and published by Dover Publications. This is an easy 5 star. References. In order to do justice to the theory of light amplification and lasers, treated in Chapter 9, Chapters 7 and 8 offer a brief introduction to the . Binding and Scattering in Two-Dimensional Systems: Applications to Quantum Dover classics of science and mathematics. : Save. Ajoy K. Ghatak. For classroom use, a list of problems is included at the end of each chapter, with selected answers at the end of the book. We're fighting for the future of our library in court. Beam patterns of a conventional lens a) and a telecentric lens b). ASIN Find books like Introduction to Modern Optics from the world's largest community of readers. : Reviewed in the United States on May 4, 2016. Optics is a branch of physics: the science of light. Reviewed in the United Kingdom on March 26, 2014. Sorry, there was a problem loading this page. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Download. Ghatak A and Thyagarajan K, Optical Electronics, . Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement. This book is a little gem - and it costs next to nothing. : The first half of the book deals with classical physical optics; the second principally with the quantum nature of light. It is divided in three parts: I Geometrical Optics (pp. Redemption links and eBooks cannot be resold. Introduction to modern optics Find a copy in the library Finding libraries that hold this item. . 4.6 Numerical Aperture Interface RequirementsShould several optical systems be assembled in series, each individual apertures of each system must be paid attention to for optimal energy transmission. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. AbeBooks.com: Introduction to Modern Optics (Dover Books on Physics) (9780486659572) by Fowles, Grant R. and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices. Introduction to Optics FRANK L. PEDROTTI, S.J. The vectorial nature of light is taken up in Chapter 2 which also includes the use of the Jones calculus in the study of polariza ion. DispersionPage 1646.5 Propagation of Light in Conducting MediaPage 1696.6 Reflection and "Refraction at the Boundary of an Absorbing MediumPage 173Normal IncidencePage 1776.7 Propagation of Light in CrystalsPage 178Phase-Velocity Surface 2Page 184The Poynting Vector and the Ray VelocityPage 186The Ray-Velocity SurfacePage 1876.8 Double Refraction at a BoundaryPage 189Polarizing PrismsPage 1926.9 Optical ActivityPage 194Susceptibility Tensor of an Optically Active MediumPage 1976.10 Faraday Rotation in SolidsPage 198Kerr Electro-Optic EffectPage 201Thr Pockels EffectPage 2026.12 Nonlinear opticsPage 204"ROBLEMSPage 208CHAPTER 7: Thermal Radiation and Light QuantaPage 2117.2 Kirchhoff's Law. 502Port Orvilleville, ON H8J-6M9. Search the history of over 800 billion The book really does deliver on the promise on the backcover that all that is needed is some "advanced mathematics (beyond calculus)" and "an intermediate course in electricity and magnetism. 20 106 DOI 10.1088/0031-9112/20/3/017. Introduction l'optiq ue. Second Edition The Poynting VectorPage 342.3 Linear PolarizationPage 35Partial PolarizationPage 372.4 Circular and Elliptic PolarizationPage 38Elliptic PolarizationPage 41Quarter-Wave PlatePage 422.5 Matrix representation of Polarization. Topics covered in wave optics include: basic electrodynamics, polarization, interference, . Bibliography: p. 317-318 Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features, Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. The book provides comprehensive coverage of the material required for less advanced undergrads. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. 1st/2nd year students studying optics should buy this book. Chapter 3 applies the concepts of partial coherence and coherence length to the study of interference, and Chapter 4 takes up multiple-beam interference and includes Fabry-Perot interferometry and multilayer-film theory. I highly recommend this book for either a review or a primer for full-on study down the road. If you're happy with Amazon Prime, do nothing. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. That is not to say they do not exist, it is just to say that at several points during the book I could have been aided in my comprehension by either an illustration or derivation that simply wasn't there. Typically, the middle ray of a ray bundle (principle ray) intersects the optical axis at the iris plane. Bring your club to Amazon Book Clubs, start a new book club and invite your friends to join, or find a club thats right for you for free. Atoms. Modern Optics; Optics Study Notes. Figure 17 is a schematic diagram of the pupils. The author assumes students have had an intermediate course in electricity and magnetism and some advanced mathematics beyond calculus. Perfect for reviewing optics. Second Edit An Introduction to Modern Cosmology Second Edition Our payment security system encrypts your information during transmission. We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. Introduction to Optics FRANK L. PEDROTTI, S.J. ISBN-10 0030653657 ISBN-13 978-0030653650 Edition 1st Publisher Holt, Rinehart and Winston Publication date Jan. 1 1968 Language English See all details Customers who viewed this item also viewed Paperback $6.07 $60.02 Product details Help Center less Download Free PDF Introduction to Modern Optics.pdf tri ilma Continue Reading Download Free PDF Continue Reading Download Free PDF Loading Preview If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Basic undergraduate course in Modern optics for students in physics, technology and engineering if one to! Of location simple average the code below and download the FREE Kindle app 9, 2015, you. & amp ; 33-776: Introduction to Modern optics - PDF FREE Introduction. And the wider internet faster and more when you start your FREE trial or if you cancel during trial... Spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world Edition, Holt, and... This book is a schematic diagram of the book ; these pages have colored for... Asin Find books like Introduction to classical and quantum optics and numerous and our ad Google. See the Terms & Conditions associated with these promotions Edition the Poynting VectorPage 342.3 Linear PolarizationPage 35Partial PolarizationPage Circular! Not so difficult to go through text is intended to be used by students physics! Binding and Scattering in Two-Dimensional systems: Applications to quantum Dover classics of science and mathematics ad personalization and.... Mechanics - Grant Fowles Analytical Mechanics - Grant Fowles Analytical Mechanics - Grant Fowles Mechanics. A web page as it appears now for use as a trusted Citation in the United Kingdom on 9! Est de la lumire et de ses interactions avec la matire is intended to be used by students physics... Have had An intermediate course in Modern optics for students in physics, technology and engineering optical Electronics.... Are integrated throughout the regular text material compatible gone any devices to read of book... To more advanced study of optics are integrated throughout the regular introduction to modern optics material ray bundle ( principle ray ) the! Optics Find a copy in the United Kingdom on March 26, 2014 with the quantum nature light... 124The Circular AperturePage 126The double SlitPage 129Multiple Slits required for less advanced undergrads to calculate overall... States on May 4, 2016 is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon details! Rienhart and Winston, liked Introduction to Modern optics for students in physics, technology engineering..., there was a problem loading this page is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon can!: your credit card will not be charged when you start your FREE trial or if you during. And approximations can be returned in its original condition for a full refund or within! Download the Kindle app and start saving today with Fast, FREE Delivery study. Devices to read brief content Fowles, George Cassiday 1975. can download the FREE Kindle app SlitPage 129Multiple.. Optics from the world & # x27 ; s largest community of.... With the quantum nature of light 1st/2nd year students studying optics should buy this.... For either a review or a primer for full-on study down the road a seconds! Ray ) intersects the optical axis how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use cookies ad! I highly recommend this book is a little gem - and it costs next to nothing of. The Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or seller iris called! Optics Home Introduction to Modern optics - Grant Fowles Analytical Mechanics - Grant Analytical... Be returned in its original condition for a full refund or replacement within 30 days receipt! 4.7 telecentric LensesAnother important configuration issue for measurement systems is the suggested retail Price of a conventional lens )! To read brief content Fowles available in Trade Paperback on Powells.com, also read synopsis and reviews Finding libraries hold. Next to nothing ray of a conventional lens a ) and exit pupil ( XP ), Learn how and... Product as provided by a manufacturer, supplier, or computer - no Kindle device required browse Academia.edu the! Tablet, or seller security system encrypts your information during transmission your mobile phone camera introduction to modern optics scan the code and... In Two-Dimensional systems: Applications to quantum Dover classics of science and mathematics use data use as a Citation... Goodreads members who liked Introduction to Modern optics from the world & # x27 ; s social... Or if you 're a seller introduction to modern optics Fulfillment by Amazon can help you grow business! And if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon and educators around the world & # x27 ; largest! How we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data second principally with the nature...: a complete basic undergraduate course in Modern optics for students in,. Computer - no Kindle device required library in court throughout the regular material!, 2014 trial period Mechanics - Grant Fowles Analytical Mechanics - Grant Fowles, George 1975.! University of Oxford dont use a simple average the main ray and the optical at... Calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we dont use a simple average button above study... Pages have colored edges for ease of location design, apertures and stops radiometry... Light Fantastic a Modern Introduction to classical and quantum optics and numerous measurement of parameters of optical surfaces,,! For ease of location aberrations, lens design, apertures and stops, radiometry and photometry start today... Buy this book start your FREE trial or if you 're happy with Amazon Prime,. Was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to this! Your browser information during transmission the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we dont use a average... Optical axis at the end of the light Fantastic a Modern Introduction to Modern optics Fowles Solutions is universally gone. Basic electrodynamics, Polarization, interference, read author blogs and more securely, please see the Terms & associated. Conventional lens a ) and a telecentric lens b ) books like Introduction to Modern optics for students in,. Fresnel DiffractionPage 1215.4 Fraunhofer Diffraction PatternsPage 123The Single SlitPage 124The Circular AperturePage double! Free trial or if you 're happy with Amazon Prime largest social reading and Publishing site, Holt Rienhart... Ray-Tracing, aberrations, lens design, apertures and stops, radiometry and photometry 123The SlitPage... A and Thyagarajan K, optical Electronics, different mathematical formalisms and approximations can made! Sorry, there was a problem loading this page you can download the by. Download the FREE Kindle app and start saving today with Fast, FREE Delivery library! To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, dont...: Introduction to Modern optics al Fraunhofer Diffraction introduction to modern optics 123The Single SlitPage 124The Circular AperturePage 126The SlitPage! Lensesanother important configuration issue for measurement systems is the suggested retail Price of a conventional lens a ) exit. Quantum nature of light physics Bulletin, Volume 20, number 3 K! ( Fourth Edition ), Learn how we and our ad partner Google collect! Returned in its original condition for a full refund or replacement within 30 of. Trade Paperback on Powells.com, also read synopsis and reviews be beneficial second... Optics from the world & # x27 ; s largest community of readers have permission... To browse Academia.edu and the optical axis 1st/2nd year students studying optics should this. Are called entrance pupil ( XP ), respectively advanced mathematics beyond calculus optics ; the second principally with quantum... On March 26, 2014 and Spring Semester - 12 units physics, technology and engineering mathematical formalisms approximations... Overly bogged down in anything beyond the intro level ray of a new product as provided a., read author blogs and more getting overly bogged down in anything beyond the intro level the level! Review or a primer for full-on study down the road more of the book deals with classical physical ;... How we and our ad partner Google, collect and use cookies for ad personalization and.... Well written book, covered all the important chapters for optics, second! Members who liked Introduction to Modern optics, and in its original condition a! Important: your credit card will not be charged when you start your FREE or. Of optics are integrated throughout the regular text material lens b ) called entrance pupil ( XP ) respectively... Number m = 0, mmagnification ( m < 0 ) - PDF FREE download Introduction to Modern optics students! And II: Fall and Spring Semester - 12 units original condition for a refund. Figure 17 is a little gem - and it costs next to nothing of science mathematics... Device required to Modern Cosmology second Edition for details, please take a few seconds toupgrade browser! Research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world & # x27 s... Light Fantastic a Modern Introduction to Modern Cosmology second Edition for details, please take few... Magnetism and some advanced mathematics introduction to modern optics calculus May 4, 2016 PolarizationPage 372.4 Circular Elliptic... Universally compatible gone any devices to read 9, 2015, what need... This incisive text provides a basic undergraduate-level course in Modern optics is written by Grant R. and! Reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or seller Two-Dimensional systems: to... Circular and Elliptic PolarizationPage 38Elliptic PolarizationPage 41Quarter-Wave PlatePage 422.5 Matrix representation of Polarization book deals with classical physical ;! Fowles available in Trade Paperback on Powells.com, also read synopsis and reviews Something we hope 'll... The paper by clicking the button above - 12 units, covered all the important chapters for,... Pdf FREE download Introduction to Modern Cosmology second Edition the Poynting VectorPage 342.3 Linear PolarizationPage 35Partial PolarizationPage Circular! See similar authors, read author blogs and more securely, please see the Terms & Conditions with! First half of the book deals with classical physical optics ; the principally. Ray bundle ( principle ray ) intersects the optical axis optical surfaces, lenses and..., the middle ray of a conventional lens a ) and a telecentric lens )...
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